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Oakmark FundsQuarterly31 Dec 2018Source: oakmark.com

Bill Nygren Market Commentary | 4Q18

Oakmark is the mutual fund family launched in 1991 by Harris Associates, the Chicago deep-value firm founded in 1976 (about $105bn AUM). Bill Nygren runs the flagship Oakmark Fund and David Herro the Oakmark International Fund, buying businesses at large discounts to intrinsic value and holding them like owners — publishing quarterly fund commentaries, market commentaries and insight articles.

Bill Nygren、David Herro · 1991 · 美国芝加哥Deep value / contrarian long-term

In plain words

This is a letter from Oakmark fund manager Bill Nygren to investors at the end of 2018, when stocks were falling and his fund was down. Instead of panicking, he saw opportunity. He explains that while stock prices dropped, company earnings grew, making stocks cheaper. For example, the banks he owns trade at just 7 to 8 times earnings (price divided by profit per share), far below the market average, and these banks are much safer than before the 2008 crisis. He also warns against chasing popular 'safe' stocks like utilities, which aren't actually cheap. In short, this letter helps you spot good companies that are unfairly beaten down during a market panic.

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An Oakmark research article notes that although the portfolio companies' performance met expectations, their stock prices have consistently underperformed relative to fundamentals, and this divergence is frustrating. The core view is that the current stock market is more attractive than usual, and t

~7 min full read · 10 sections
Deep Analysis

Theme and Background

This chapter continues the theme from the previous quarter, discussing the persistent divergence between the fundamentals of held companies and their stock prices. The author notes that despite corporate performance meeting expectations, stock price performance has consistently lagged, and this frustrating situation persisted in the fourth quarter of 2018. Overall market valuations have improved significantly due to falling stock prices and rising corporate earnings, creating more attractive entry opportunities for long-term investors.

Core Views

The author clearly asserts that the current stock market is more attractive than usual, and that stock differentiation makes the Oakmark portfolio even more undervalued relative to the market. Counterintuitively, although the market decline is painful, the author and their team are increasing positions in their personal accounts. Another contrarian view is that bank stocks have become higher quality since the 2008 crisis, yet the market continues to price them at an unusually large discount.

Key Arguments and Data

  • Market Valuation: The combination of falling stock prices and rising corporate earnings in 2018 pushed the consensus forward P/E ratio for the S&P 500 in 2019 to below 14x (as defined by the author: operating profit plus amortization of goodwill), approximately 15% below the historical average.
  • Bond Comparison: The 10-year Treasury yield is below 3%, far lower than the 40-year average of 6% (when stock P/E ratios were higher). The author believes bond yields are insufficient to justify current low P/E ratios, and the expected excess return of stocks over bonds should be higher than historical levels.
  • Portfolio Structure:
  • Approximately 15% invested in companies that appear expensive under GAAP metrics but are actually undervalued (Alphabet, Regeneron, Netflix, Gartner, MGM, News Corp, Facebook).
  • Approximately 25% invested in financial stocks (Citigroup, Bank of America, Capital One, Ally Financial, State Street), with P/E ratios of only 7-8x, an average dividend yield of 3%, and significant share buybacks.
  • Approximately 25% invested in cyclical stocks (industrials, consumer, energy), with an average P/E ratio of 10x. The largest holding, Fiat Chrysler, has a P/E ratio of only 4x, and its cash exceeds its debt.
  • In the technology sector, Apple has a P/E ratio of only 12x (already factoring in slowing demand in China), which drops to 11x when cash is considered separately.
  • In the healthcare sector, the largest holding, CVS Health, has a P/E ratio of only 10x, and the market has not assigned any valuation premium to the synergies from its merger with Aetna.
  • Sector Comparison: The portfolio has zero allocation to utilities, REITs, and telecom services (AT&T, Verizon), and a minimal allocation to consumer staples. These sectors have P/E ratios equal to or higher than the S&P 500, but their historical and expected growth is extremely low. The author believes their current premium is unjustified.
  • Fund Flows: Empirical Research reports that the sectors with the strongest ETF inflows at the end of 2018 were utilities, healthcare, and consumer staples, while the weakest were financials, technology, and capital equipment—the latter three sectors account for half of the Oakmark portfolio.

Companies/Assets Involved

Company/Asset Role Key Data View
Alphabet, Regeneron, Netflix, Gartner, MGM, News Corp, Facebook Expensive under GAAP but actually undervalued Account for ~15% of portfolio Bullish, believing GAAP expenses or asset values are misjudged
Citigroup, Bank of America, Capital One, Ally Financial, State Street Financials/Banks P/E 7-8x, dividend yield 3%, significant buybacks Bullish, believing banks have reduced leverage, tightened standards, and improved technology advantages
Fiat Chrysler Largest cyclical holding P/E 4x, cash exceeds debt Bullish, with profits from Jeep and Ram brands, set to begin dividends and buybacks
Apple Largest tech holding P/E 12x (11x after cash adjustment) Bullish, believing the market mistakenly views it as an ordinary consumer electronics company
CVS Health Largest healthcare holding P/E 10x Bullish, believing the market has not reflected the synergy value from the Aetna merger
Utilities, REITs, Telecom, Consumer Staples Zero or minimal allocation P/E equal to or higher than S&P 500 Bearish, believing low-risk businesses do not equal low-risk stocks, and the current premium is unjustified

Investment Insights

  • Contrarian Allocation: Investors should avoid crowded defensive sectors (utilities, consumer staples, healthcare) and pivot toward financials, technology, and capital equipment sectors that the market has abandoned. These sectors are trading at historically low valuations with improving fundamentals.
  • Bank Stock Opportunity: Major banks (Citigroup, Bank of America, Capital One) trade at P/E ratios of 7-8x, far below the market average, with reduced leverage, tightened standards, and enhanced technology advantages—a classic value trap reversal opportunity.
  • Cyclical Undervaluation: Industrial, consumer, and energy cyclical stocks have an average P/E of 10x, with Fiat Chrysler at just 4x. Their earnings structures have shifted toward more stable service/brand revenue, providing a margin of safety.
  • GAAP Misleading: Some companies (Alphabet, Netflix, Facebook) appear expensive under GAAP earnings, but their actual economic value is undervalued. Investors need to look through accounting treatments to identify true profitability.
  • Long-Term Perspective: Since its inception in 1991, a $10,000 investment in Oakmark has grown to $222,230. Its disciplined value investing philosophy has weathered multiple periods of short-term underperformance over 27 years, and the current divergence represents a window for long-term positioning.

Theme and Background

This chapter focuses on the performance of the Oakmark Fund in 2018 and explains why, in a year of poor performance, the composition of its portfolio actually warrants greater investor attention. By comparing the fund's returns with those of its benchmark index, the report reveals the characteristics of value investing strategies amid short-term market fluctuations.

Core Thesis

The author's central argument is that, despite Oakmark's disappointing returns in 2018, the stocks in the current portfolio represent the optimal selections based on its long-standing and effective investment philosophy. This judgment implies a contrarian stance—during periods of underperformance, the quality of the portfolio allocation is actually higher.

Key Arguments and Data

The report provides return data for various periods as of December 31, 2018, compared with the S&P 500 Total Return Index:

Metric Oakmark (OAKMX) S&P 500 Total Return
2018 QTD (Quarter) -17.30% -13.52%
1 Year -12.73% -4.38%
3 Year (Annualized) 7.76% 9.26%
5 Year (Annualized) 6.03% 8.49%
10 Year (Annualized) 13.92% 13.12%
Since Inception (Annualized, from Aug 1991) 11.98% 9.29%

The data shows:

  • Over the short term (1 year, 3 years, 5 years), Oakmark underperformed the benchmark, particularly lagging significantly in Q4 2018 and for the full year.
  • Over the long term (10 years and since inception), Oakmark outperformed the benchmark, with an annualized return since inception 2.69 percentage points higher than the benchmark.
  • In terms of fees, the gross expense ratio is 0.89%, and the net expense ratio is 0.85%.

Companies/Assets Involved

This chapter does not mention specific companies or assets; it only analyzes the fund's overall performance and the benchmark index.

Investment Implications

For investors, the report suggests that when a value investing strategy performs poorly in the short term, its long-term effectiveness should not be easily dismissed. The current portfolio composition may be the result of rigorous value screening, and investors should remain patient, avoiding deviations from the established strategy due to short-term performance fluctuations. Over the long term (10 years or more), this strategy has proven capable of generating excess returns.