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Colossus (Invest Like the Best / Business Breakdowns)Podcast21 Apr 2020Source: traffic.libsyn.comHost: Patrick O'Shaughnessy

Manny Stotz - Frontier Markets Investing - [Invest Like the Best, EP.169]

In plain words

This interview is about investing in frontier markets (like Bangladesh and Pakistan). Fund manager Manny Stotz says these markets haven't recovered since 2008, but company profits keep growing, so valuations are cheap. He's bullish on two Bangladeshi consumer goods companies (a third of his fund, held forever) and a Tanzanian brewer (85% market share, strong moat). He warns of volatility but sees big long-term returns.

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Manny Stotz, founder of Kingsway Capital, discusses investment opportunities in frontier markets—focusing on countries such as Egypt, Bangladesh, and Pakistan—in this episode of Invest Like the Best. The core thesis is that these markets offer significant long-term return potential due to demographi

~10 min full read · 8 sections
Deep Analysis

At a Glance

Manny Stotz, founder of Kingsway Capital, focuses on investing in frontier markets. The core thesis of this episode: in densely populated, low-GDP-base countries such as Egypt, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, long-term holdings in high-quality branded consumer goods companies can generate outsized returns. The most significant judgment in the entire episode: these markets have never truly rebounded since the 2008 financial crisis. The MSCI Frontier Markets Index remains roughly 50% below its 2007–2008 peak, while corporate earnings have grown every year — meaning valuations have been cut in half, yet fundamentals remain intact. This is a classic divergence between "bad news and good profits."


Theme 1: Structural Opportunities in Frontier Markets — The Consumption Leap of 3 Billion People from $1 to $5

Stotz argues that frontier markets (with a population of approximately 3 billion) are on the verge of a consumption boom similar to that seen in China/India 10–15 years ago, driven by the nonlinear transition of per capita GDP from $1/day to $3–5/day.

  • Population and GDP Data: Frontier markets cover about 3 billion people (40% of the global population), and the next 2 billion people added worldwide will all come from these countries (with Africa alone contributing 1 billion). Bangladesh's real GDP growth exceeds 8%, making it the fastest-growing economy in Asia; the median age is around 19–20 years, and in Nigeria, the average mother gives birth to six children.
  • Consumption S-Curve Mechanism: Stotz cites Nestlé's "hot zone" framework — at $1/day per capita, individuals are barely consumers (small amounts, high income volatility, and a savings rate as high as 50%); when income rises to $3–5/day, it becomes more stable, the savings rate declines, and discretionary spending is unlocked. The consumption sequence: tobacco/alcohol kick off first, followed by biscuits/snacks/beverages, and then cosmetics/personal care.
  • Key Differences from Developed Markets: These countries lack large customers like Walmart or Amazon that can squeeze prices, nor do they face competition from "healthier" startup brands. Stotz notes: "In Bangladesh, when consumers see Coca-Cola, they think, 'This is the same drink the U.S. president drinks,' while alternatives are either dangerous or unbranded." Brand loyalty is actually higher than in the West.

Stotz emphasizes that this is not a story of "consumption, consumption, consumption," but rather "quality, quality, quality" — buy only the best, not the rest.


Theme 2: Defining Quality – High ROIC, Low Capital Intensity, Intangible Moats

Stotz defines "high-quality enterprises" as those capable of consistently maintaining a high return on invested capital (ROIC) without leverage, with moats derived from intangible assets (brands, distribution networks) rather than tangible assets.

  • Coca-Cola Case Study: Gross margin of 65%, operating margin of 35%, and capital expenditure/sales ratio of only 4%. "You are selling trust and ideas, not sugar water—selling ideas does not require much capital."
  • The Flywheel Effect of Brand Moats: Consider a Tanzanian brewer with an 85% market share, reinvesting 10% of revenue into brand and distribution—this amount exceeds half of its competitors' total revenue. "Once your market share is 2-3 times that of the second-place player and you keep investing, the game is essentially over."
  • Three Key Investment Advantages: ① Long-term compounding advantage—a company with a 20% ROIC will have 2.6 times the equity of a 10% ROIC company after 10 years; ② Low risk of permanent capital loss—consumer loyalty/habits/addictive purchasing, pricing power, and no debt; ③ Good companies tend to remain good companies—moats are self-reinforcing.

Stotz cautions: "The 'end of brands' narrative seen in the West (e.g., the impact of Amazon's private labels) simply does not exist in my market. There are hardly even supermarkets here—formal retail penetration is only about 5%."


Theme 3: Market Structure Distortion — The "Forced Selling" Cycle Created by Daily Redemption Funds

Stotz argues that the fundamental reason for the persistent valuation compression in frontier markets over the past six years is not deteriorating fundamentals, but a capital structure issue — the vast majority of funds offer daily liquidity, triggering a vicious cycle of redemptions, selling, NAV declines, and further redemptions.

  • Data comparison: The MSCI Frontier Index is still roughly 50% below its 2007–2008 peak, only slightly above its 2009 low (equivalent to the S&P 500 at 800 points). Meanwhile, corporate earnings have grown every year (with Bangladesh even experiencing accelerating growth).
  • Scale of capital outflows: Templeton once managed approximately $13 billion in frontier market assets, now reduced to just a few hundred million dollars. "This is not a 50% or 70% decline, but an 80–90% outflow." The entire asset class accounts for only 0.5% of global equity market capitalization.
  • Valuation changes: High-quality consumer goods companies in Stotz's portfolio traded at P/E ratios of roughly 20–25x six years ago (about half that of comparable Indian companies), but have now fallen to 10–15x — "valuations have halved, yet earnings have risen every year."
  • The side effects of a strong dollar and QE: The Fed's quantitative easing sucked global liquidity away, and frontier markets never received any QE inflows, instead facing tighter monetary conditions.

Stotz notes: "We may be among the last 'standers' in this space. But the good news is that precisely because others are being forced to sell, we can buy at extremely low prices."


Theme 4: Competitive Advantage at the Execution Level — "Showing Up" Is the Moat Itself

Stotz argues that in frontier markets, the greatest competitive advantage is not a complex quantitative model, but "showing up" — something U.S. investors cannot replicate.

  • Trading and Settlement Barriers: Investment banks like Goldman Sachs cannot provide trading services for these markets because they are too small and "irrelevant" to Western banks. Stotz must build its own custody, settlement, and trading infrastructure.
  • 90% of Trading in Block Markets: 90% of the liquidity in these stocks comes from OTC block trades, not public auctions. Stotz builds relationships by visiting local major shareholders (e.g., ICB in Bangladesh, which holds half the market), becoming the "buyer of choice."
  • Specific Case: In Kampala, Uganda, Stotz walked directly into the BAT Uganda office, bought an 8% stake at a 5x P/E ratio, with a dividend yield of about 20%. The local seller sold because he had a real estate project in the area with an 18-month payback period — a completely different cost of capital.
  • Unexpected Advantage of a German Passport: Stotz jokes: "I carry a German passport, making it easy to go to Pakistan, Egypt, and Bangladesh. U.S. investors watch Homeland and are afraid to go to Pakistan; Jewish friends also avoid it. This automatically eliminates a lot of smart people."

Stotz emphasizes: "Our competitive advantage is intangible — relationships with LPs and portfolio companies, a commitment to long-term holding, and the counter-cyclical ability to add positions when others are leaving."


Theme 5: National Business Models – Why Bangladesh Outperforms Nigeria

Stotz argues that investing in frontier markets requires understanding each country’s “business model”—its source of sustainable competitive advantage. He recommends reading Guns, Germs, and Steel and Why Nations Fail.

  • Bangladesh (Best Case): Business model = world’s lowest-cost labor (one-quarter of China’s wages, half of Vietnam’s). Export orientation generates a current account surplus, eliminating the need for dollar-denominated debt (avoiding currency crises). Manufacturing employs millions of workers, with daily income rising from $1 to $4, making consumption growth “very inclusive.”
  • Nigeria (Cautionary Case): Business model = 3.5 million barrels of oil per day. Income is concentrated among 12 people in the south (rather than 12 million), and the elite spend in London, not Lagos. “Nigeria has more private jets than commercial planes.” Growth is non-inclusive and highly cyclical.
  • Pakistan/Egypt: These are “cyclical countries”—large populations, nuclear weapons (“too big to fail”)—but require buying after currency depreciation. Stotz built positions in Egypt after its devaluation.
  • Institutional Advantage of Former British Colonies: Most frontier markets are former British colonies, inheriting English common law, property rights, and court systems. “You don’t need democracy—look at Singapore and China—but you need property rights and courts that protect them.”

Stotz concludes: “Bangladesh is like the next Korea—an underappreciated development miracle. We allocate nearly one-third of our fund there, holding only the two best companies, with the intention of holding them forever.”


Mentioned Positions

Position Guest Stance Key Data
BAT Uganda Fully liquidated (case study) Entry at 5x P/E, dividend yield ~20%
Tanzanian Brewer (unnamed) Bullish 85% market share, gross margin ~60%+
Bangladeshi Consumer Goods Companies (unnamed, two) Core holdings ~1/3 of fund, intended for permanent holding
Egyptian Payment Company (unnamed) Small position Recently listed
Coca-Cola Used as quality framework case Gross margin 65%, operating margin 35%, Capex/Sales 4%

Judgments Worth Remembering

1. "Frontier markets have not rebounded since 2008, with the MSCI index still 50% below its peak, yet corporate earnings have grown every year—this is a classic divergence of 'bad news and good profits.'" — A halving of valuations alongside intact fundamentals is a textbook scenario for contrarian investing.

2. "Our competitive advantage is not the model, but 'showing up'—walking into offices in Kampala, drinking tea in Pakistan, building relationships in Bangladesh. American investors cannot do it because they dare not come." — The moat at the execution level is harder to replicate than that at the analytical level.

3. "Once your market share is 2-3 times that of the second-place player, and you keep investing in brand and distribution, the game is essentially over." — The self-reinforcing moat mechanism for branded consumer goods companies in frontier markets stems from competitors' inability to match their advertising/distribution spending.

4. "Bangladesh's business model is the world's lowest-cost labor (one-quarter of China's wages), with exports generating a current account surplus and no need to borrow in US dollars. This is a better macro story than India." — A country-level "business model" analytical framework offers more predictive power than simply looking at GDP growth rates.

5. "We only buy the best, not the rest—if I can only buy one company in Nigeria, why buy the fifth-best? They face the same country risk, but the returns differ." — The logic of concentrated holdings: replacing industry diversification with country diversification without diluting quality.

6. "These markets have no Walmart, no Amazon, no 'healthier' startup brands—only 5% supermarket penetration and 1 million mom-and-pop shops transacting in cash." — The competitive environment for consumer goods companies in frontier markets is far superior to that in developed markets.

7. "The leap from $1/day to $3/day is nonlinear—more stable income, declining savings rates, and the onset of brand consumption. This is the daily aspiration of 3 billion people." — The core mechanism of the consumption S-curve is the underlying driver of frontier market investing.

8. "We are learning about digital businesses—Pakistan went from zero to 60 million smartphones in just a few years. You will not see the next Tencent, but you will see interesting local champions." — Internet opportunities in frontier markets are accelerating, but their form differs from that in China and the US.