← Back to list
Colossus (Invest Like the Best / Business Breakdowns)Podcast29 Sep 2021Source: joincolossus.comHost: Colossus

Solana: Faster, Cheaper, More Scalable [Business Breakdowns, EP. 28]

In plain words

This podcast breakdown explains why Solana is designed for decentralized finance (DeFi) rather than just being a digital currency. It can process 50,000 transactions per second using parallel processing (like using multiple CPU cores at once), compared to Bitcoin's 7. The guest, Kyle Samani, is bullish on Solana as the most likely blockchain to become global financial infrastructure. His firm holds SOL as its largest position, bought from $0.04 to $140 and rarely sold. Key holdings: Solana (SOL) – the token itself, seen as a long-term bet; Serum – a crypto exchange order book built on Solana, considered a critical DeFi building block; Helium – a decentralized wireless network where people earn tokens for providing hotspot coverage, an example of token-incentivized business models.

AI SummaryAI-generated · may contain errors · verify against the original

At a Glance Solana (SOL) is a Layer 1 blockchain founded in 2017 by former Qualcomm wireless engineers, designed to enable extremely fast and low-cost transaction processing. The core thesis is that Solana addresses the scalability bottleneck of blockchain through its unique architecture, such as th

~13 min full read · 11 sections
Deep Analysis

Solana: Faster, Cheaper, More Scalable [Business Breakdowns, EP. 28]

Quick Summary

Kyle Samani (co-founder of Multicoin Capital) and host Patrick O'Shaughnessy conduct an in-depth analysis of the Solana blockchain. Samani's core judgment is that the killer app of blockchain is decentralized finance (DeFi), not non-sovereign money; if the system is redesigned from this premise, Solana's architecture, built from the ground up to be financial-native—especially its parallel processing capability—makes it the Layer 1 blockchain with the greatest potential to become the global financial infrastructure.


1. DeFi, Not Non-Sovereign Currency, Is the "North Star" of Blockchain

Kyle Samani argues that redefining blockchain as "the best conceivable DeFi system that happens to have non-sovereign currency properties" leads to a completely different set of design choices.

  • Historical context: Neither the founders of Bitcoin (2009) nor Ethereum (2014) clearly foresaw the value of DeFi. Samani points out that in Vitalik's 2014 Miami keynote, he "could not coherently articulate what DeFi is or why it matters."
  • Mechanism breakdown: The core value of DeFi lies in auditability, composability, and instant settlement. More importantly, the DeFi concept can be "injected into places that traditionally never had a financial concept" — such as NFT fractionalization, social tokens, community capital formation, etc.
  • Design inference: If the goal is DeFi, the system needs extremely low latency (because derivatives involve leverage and liquidation risk) and ultra-high throughput (requiring high-performance programming languages, such as those used in high-frequency trading).


II. From 7 TPS to 50,000 TPS: Parallel Processing as the Core Breakthrough

Samani argues that the fundamental difference between Solana and Bitcoin/Ethereum lies in the ability to leverage parallel processing—the primary source of performance improvements in computer architecture over the past 15 years.

Historical Context: Bitcoin's '1MB Curse'

  • In 2010, Satoshi Nakamoto arbitrarily set a 1MB block size limit, capping Bitcoin's throughput at approximately 7-10 TPS.
  • In the 2017 'Block Size War,' the faction opposing a hard fork won, and since then, scaling has only been possible via SegWit (data compression) and the Lightning Network (off-chain transactions)—'only a 3x improvement in 6 years, which is quite poor by software standards.'

Ethereum's Serial Bottleneck

  • The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) was designed without considering transaction parallelism; all transactions are executed serially.
  • Modern laptops have 4-8 CPU cores, and graphics cards have 1,000-4,000 cores, but the EVM only uses one core.
  • By increasing the gas limit, Ethereum has gone from about 10 TPS to about 30 TPS, but the core architecture has not broken through.

Solana's Parallel Approach

  • The background of founder Anatoly Yakovenko is key: He spent years in chip design at Qualcomm and worked on high-performance systems at Dropbox; his entire 20-year career has been focused on 'how to make existing hardware run as fast as possible.'
  • Solana runs natively on NVIDIA graphics cards (4,000-8,000 cores). Each transaction's header must declare which part of the global state it will touch, and the system uses this to determine which transactions can be executed in parallel and which need to be serial.
  • Current throughput is approximately 50,000 TPS, and predictably grows with hardware parallel capability—in stark contrast to the trend of single-threaded performance having stagnated for 15 years.
Blockchain Consensus Mechanism Transaction Processing Method Current TPS (approx) Future Expansion Path
Bitcoin PoW (Nakamoto Consensus) Serial, 1MB block limit 7-10 Off-chain (Lightning Network), limited effectiveness
Ethereum PoW (transitioning to PoS) EVM serial execution 30 Sharding + Rollup, but high cross-shard latency
Solana PoH + PoS Parallel execution (GPU cores) 50,000 Hardware parallelism (predictable 10-100x growth)

3. Proof of History (PoH): Making Time a Verifiable Sequence

Samani emphasizes that Proof of History is not a consensus algorithm, but a clock mechanism that allows the system to stay synchronized within extremely short block times.

  • Problem: In traditional blockchains, the system only "updates" when a block is produced (Bitcoin every 10 minutes, Ethereum every 13 seconds), with no concept of time passing in between. To compress block time to 400 milliseconds, the speed-of-light delay (approximately 150–200 ms globally) prevents nodes from communicating in real time to confirm timing.
  • PoH mechanism: Repeatedly hash a single input (output becomes the next input), a process that cannot be parallelized. Each hash sequence lasts approximately 400 ms (a "slot"), and all nodes maintain their own clock independently.
  • Key effect: When a node is scheduled to act as the "leader" and fails to respond, other nodes automatically skip it after running their own million hashes, without waiting. Every time consensus is reached, all clocks are resynchronized.

4. SOL Tokenomics: A Triple-Attribute Asset

Samani cites Bankless's concept of a "triple-attribute asset," arguing that SOL's attributes may exceed three.

Property Description
1. Paying gas fees The network must be consumed to use it, similar to a car requiring gasoline.
2. Deflationary potential A portion of each transaction fee is burned (implemented since genesis, similar to Ethereum's EIP-1559).
3. Staking yield The "risk-free rate" of the PoS system, with current inflation of approximately 7%, declining to 1.5% over 10 years.
4. Trust-minimized collateral Can be used globally as DeFi collateral.
5. Non-sovereign store of value Monetary policy is less susceptible to human influence.
  • Initial supply: 500 million tokens (genesis block), with the largest share being the "community" portion (approximately 20%), held by the Solana Foundation. Samani believes the foundation is "unlikely to spend $20 billion" and expects it to eventually burn most of it.
  • Comparison with Bitcoin: Samani argues that Bitcoin supporters define "non-sovereign store of value" too narrowly. Of global wealth, gold is approximately $10 trillion, while productive assets (stocks, bonds, real estate) total around $800–$900 trillion — the world prefers productive assets. If 5–10 years from now, 1 billion people use a platform that hosts DeFi, social tokens, gaming, and other applications, while Bitcoin processes only 300,000 transactions per day, "most people will say: the one with applications is what I want."

5. Serum: The Foundational Application of the Solana Ecosystem

Samani argues that Serum is the most important breakthrough application on Solana — a chain-based central limit order book (CLOB), which is impossible on Ethereum.

  • Background: FTX's Sam Bankman-Fried became interested in DeFi in April-May 2020, attempted to build an order book on Ethereum but failed completely, and ultimately chose Solana.
  • Why CLOB matters: It is the "basic pillar" of finance — the matching engines of Nasdaq and the NYSE are essentially order books. Uniswap (automated market maker model) on Ethereum succeeded precisely because Ethereum is too slow — a 30 basis point spread is unacceptable in traditional markets, but "the future of finance is not trading at 30 basis points, but at less than 1 basis point."
  • Current ecosystem: There are already 5-10 exchanges built on the Serum framework (e.g., Mango), and another 10-30 teams are building.

6. Competitive Landscape: ZK Rollup Is the Biggest Known Unknown

Samani believes that zero-knowledge (ZK) rollups are the greatest competitive threat to Solana, but may ultimately become Solana's scaling layer.

  • Three scaling paths: ① Layer 1 performance optimization (Solana's approach); ② Sharding (Ethereum 2.0, Polkadot, Avalanche); ③ Rollups (Optimistic Rollups and ZK Rollups).
  • Judgment on sharding: Sharding is only justified after single-shard capacity is exhausted, and "we are far from exhausting single-shard capacity." Cross-shard communication introduces additional latency and cost.
  • Judgment on Optimistic Rollups: "intellectually uninteresting" — they can only reduce fees from $50 to $2, not below $0.1, while Solana is already at the level of one-thousandth of a cent.
  • Judgment on ZK Rollups: There is a real path, but ① very few people know how to build them; ② the data is encrypted blobs and unreadable; ③ they introduce new trust assumptions; ④ they are currently not fully programmable.
  • Samani's projection: The highest-probability path is to first fill Solana Layer 1, accumulate sufficient credible neutrality and ecosystem scale, and then use ZK Rollups to scale to 100 billion transactions per day. ZK Rollups running on Solana would perform better than they would on Ethereum.

7. Third Type of Innovation: Reimagining Business Models with Tokens

The area that excites Samani the most is "reimagining various ecosystems and business models with crypto-native assumptions" — it barely exists today, but has already begun to emerge.

  • The first example: Helium — anyone can set up a wireless hotspot, provide coverage to the surrounding area, and charge by the byte, instead of having all base stations owned by Verizon or AT&T. This is the first token incentive system where "what people do creates value" (Bitcoin's "doing" is running hashes, which is useless to the world).
  • Samani revealed that Multicoin recently led the investment in two similar projects that have not yet been publicly disclosed. He believes that once a few more such projects gain public recognition, it will trigger an "avalanche of entrepreneurs" — they will say, "I am going to rebuild this industry using this new model."

Mentioned Assets

Asset Guest View Key Data
Solana (SOL) Bullish (largest position) From 4 cents to $140–150, almost never sold; current throughput ~50,000 TPS
Serum Bullish (infrastructure) On-chain CLOB built on Solana by FTX/Alameda team
Audius Bullish (use case) ~5 million monthly active users, migrated from Ethereum sidechain to Solana
Star Atlas Watch (gaming) On-chain game similar to EVE Online, all asset ownership encoded on-chain
Helium Bullish (business model innovation) Multicoin has invested, decentralized wireless network deployment model
Bitcoin Neutral to bearish 7–10 TPS, 1 MB block limit, "only 3x improvement in 6 years"
Ethereum Neutral to bearish ~30 TPS, EVM serial execution, "0.01x theoretical performance"

Judgments Worth Remembering

1. "The killer app of blockchain is DeFi, not non-sovereign money" (Kyle Samani) — If redesigned with this premise, the system needs extremely low latency and high throughput, pointing toward Solana's architecture rather than Bitcoin's.

2. "Solana's goal is to make network performance as close as possible to a single computer's raw processing power X; Ethereum is roughly 0.01X, Bitcoin is one ten-thousandth or one-thousandth of X" (Kyle Samani) — This is a concise framework for measuring the efficiency of different blockchains.

3. "Uniswap succeeded precisely because Ethereum is too slow" (Kyle Samani) — A 30-basis-point spread is unacceptable in traditional markets, but Ethereum's slowness and high fees make the AMM model the only viable option; yet "the future of finance is trading with spreads below 1 basis point."

4. "Solana is our largest disclosed position; we have hardly sold any from 4 cents to 140-150 USD, and we don't plan to sell anytime soon" (Kyle Samani) — The evaluation framework: "Can Solana become the world's most important financial infrastructure within 10 years? Even if the probability is only 10-20%, the current price still has a positive EV."

5. "Liquidity is a bug, not a feature" (Kyle Samani quoting a common VC saying) — The internal debate over whether to sell SOL over the past year has been "extremely painful," but persisting in holding stems from conviction in the long-term judgment.

6. "If you are going to challenge the status quo, you must deliberately amplify your differences" (Kyle Samani's lesson for builders) — Solana violated two industry consensuses—"don't talk about TPS" and "must be EVM-compatible"—and instead became a "Schelling point" that gathers like-minded dissenters.

7. "Solana Labs' strategy is starkly different from the Ethereum Foundation's: actively building foundational primitives (Serum, Metaplex) and giving them away for free, rather than relying entirely on the community" (Kyle Samani) — As a latecomer, this "build the infrastructure" strategy has proven effective.

8. "ZK Rollup is the biggest known unknown, but it may ultimately become Solana's scaling layer—running ZK Rollup on Solana would be better than on Ethereum" (Kyle Samani) — The highest-probability path: first fill Solana Layer 1, then use ZK Rollup to scale to 100 billion transactions per day.