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SprottDeep research27 Aug 2018Source: sprott.com

The Platinum Opportunity - Part 1

Sprott is a Toronto-headquartered asset manager specializing in precious metals and critical materials (NYSE/TSX: SII), tracing its roots to Sprott Securities founded by Eric Sprott in 1981 and now led by CEO Whitney George. It runs physical gold, silver and uranium trusts, ETFs, active strategies and resource lending, with about $65bn in AUM. The Insights column carries monthly commentaries and white papers on uranium, gold, silver, copper and critical materials by Paul Wong, Jacob White and John Hathaway (ex-Tocqueville gold manager) — note the house's structurally bullish commodity stance, as it sells the corresponding trusts and ETFs.

Eric Sprott、Whitney George · 1981 · 加拿大多伦多Precious metals & critical materials

In plain words

This report says platinum is currently very cheap compared to gold and palladium (a metal used in car exhaust systems), but its price might rise. The reasons: palladium is so expensive that carmakers may switch to cheaper platinum; also, hydrogen fuel-cell cars (a clean vehicle type) need platinum, boosting future demand. For regular investors, this means platinum could be a good buy, but watch out for supply risks from South Africa, the top producer. Worth reading because it uses data and history to explain why platinum might be undervalued.

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Sprott Research Series Part I: Platinum The report highlights that platinum prices have remained weak for years, falling to $791 per ounce as of August 24, approaching a decade low, while palladium has broken through $1,000. The core argument is that platinum is severely undervalued: the platinum-to

~7 min full read · 10 sections
Deep Analysis

Theme and Background

This chapter is the first part of the Sprott platinum series research, serving as a foundational introduction aimed at laying the groundwork for subsequent in-depth analysis of supply and demand fundamentals. The report focuses on the prolonged weak performance of platinum prices, contrasting sharply with the strength of palladium, and suggests that the current market may be undervaluing platinum.

Core Thesis

The report's core investment thesis is: Platinum is currently severely undervalued, with its relative prices to gold and palladium at historically extreme lows, and this dynamic may be shifting in platinum's favor. The counterintuitive judgment lies in the fact that, although palladium has benefited more from automotive demand in recent years, the report argues that this trend may reverse, presenting an opportunity for platinum to rise.

Key Arguments and Data

The report supports its thesis through three dimensions: price ratios, supply-demand structure, and industry trends:

1. Extreme Price Ratios:

  • The platinum-to-gold ratio currently stands at 0.66:1.0, far below the historical norm of 1.0, and has not reached that level since 2015. This means one ounce of platinum sells for only 66% of the price of gold.
  • Historically, platinum traded at 2-4 times the price of palladium, but it is now cheaper than palladium (platinum at $791 vs. palladium at >$1,000).

2. Differences in Supply and Demand Fundamentals:

  • Annual production of platinum and palladium is approximately 175 tons and 200 tons, respectively, far below gold's 3,000 tons, making their market sizes smaller.
  • South Africa supplies 75% of global platinum and 50% of palladium, indicating highly concentrated supply; palladium supply is more evenly distributed (Russia, South Africa, etc.).
  • In 2017, palladium experienced a supply deficit of 801,000 ounces, leading to its price premium over platinum.

3. Changes in Automotive Industry Demand:

  • Automotive catalytic converters are the largest source of demand for both platinum and palladium (75% of palladium demand comes from the automotive industry, with usage exceeding 8.39 million ounces in 2017).
  • The market share of diesel vehicles (which primarily use platinum) has declined due to the "Dieselgate" scandal and restrictions in Europe and Japan, hurting platinum demand.
  • However, the report believes that the trend of gasoline vehicles substituting palladium for platinum may reverse, as automakers are more concerned about supply stability than price (each vehicle contains only 3-7 grams, worth approximately $140-$160).

Comparative Data Table:

Metric Platinum Palladium Gold
Current Price (August 24, 2018) $791/oz >$1,000/oz Approximately $1,200/oz (estimated)
Annual Production Approximately 175 tons Approximately 200 tons Approximately 3,000 tons
Major Supply Countries South Africa (75%) Russia, South Africa (each ~50%) Diversified across multiple countries
Automotive Demand Share Declining due to diesel vehicle drag 75% (8.39 million oz used in 2017) Not applicable
Historical Price Relationship Was 2-4 times palladium Lower than platinum Platinum/gold ratio often at 1.0

Companies/Assets Involved

The report does not mention specific listed companies but involves the following assets and regions:

  • Platinum Spot: Bullish, believing the current price is undervalued.
  • Palladium Spot: Currently strong, but the report implies its premium is unsustainable.
  • South African Mining: As the world's largest platinum supplier (Bushveld Igneous Complex), labor issues or supply disruptions are potential risk factors.
  • Russia: The second-largest platinum producer, but its palladium output exceeds that of South Africa.
  • India: The fastest-growing market for platinum jewelry demand (up 16% in 2017), offsetting demand declines in China and Japan.

Investment Implications

The report's implications for investors are clear: Current platinum prices are at a decade low, undervalued relative to both gold and palladium, and supply-demand dynamics may shift in its favor. Investors should focus on:

  • Going Long Platinum: Capitalizing on the opportunity for price spreads with gold and palladium to revert to historical averages.
  • Beware of Palladium Risks: Although the palladium supply deficit supports prices, automakers may shift to platinum due to supply stability concerns, narrowing palladium's premium.
  • Monitor South African Supply Risks: Platinum supply is highly concentrated, and any labor or political turmoil could push prices higher.
  • Long-Term Demand Growth Drivers: Glass manufacturing (accounting for 17% of industrial platinum use), fuel cell vehicles, and the Indian jewelry market are potential incremental sources of platinum demand.

Theme and Background

This chapter focuses on the unique demand prospects for platinum in hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) and the potential structural shift in the automotive catalyst market triggered by the reversal of platinum and palladium prices. The report notes that while palladium has historically dominated gasoline vehicle catalyst demand due to its price advantage, its current price has far exceeded that of platinum, potentially prompting manufacturers to switch back to platinum.

Core Thesis

The author argues that platinum is at a demand inflection point: hydrogen fuel cell vehicles will generate incremental demand, while excessively high palladium prices will drive a shift from palladium back to platinum in gasoline vehicle catalysts. This shift differs from the previous cycle—the last one was "replacing platinum with palladium to save costs," whereas this cycle is "a forced switch to platinum due to palladium supply shortages."

Key Arguments and Data

1. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Demand:

  • Platinum is a key catalyst for the hydrogen-oxygen reaction in fuel cells, a function palladium cannot fulfill.
  • Although fuel cell manufacturers will strive to reduce platinum usage to lower costs, the amount of platinum required per FCEV remains significantly higher than that for traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.
  • It is estimated that by 2030, there will be 1 million FCEVs on the road in China alone. Given the higher platinum content in FCEVs, this equates to a platinum demand equivalent to over 7 million conventional vehicles.

2. Platinum-Palladium Price Reversal:

  • A decade ago, palladium prices were typically $1,000/oz lower than platinum.
  • Currently (as of the report's writing), palladium prices have surpassed $1,000/oz, while platinum prices are near a decade low ($791/oz).
  • Thomson Reuters estimates that the average palladium price in 2018 may exceed $1,000/oz for the first time.

3. Historical Comparison:

  • Previous cycle: The industry substituted platinum with palladium due to lower palladium prices ("thrifting").
  • Current cycle: The driving factor is a persistent supply shortage of palladium, rather than a price advantage.

4. Supply-Demand Balance:

  • Figure 3 (specific data not provided in the original text, but the title indicates a comparison of platinum supply and demand from 2013 to 2018) suggests that the platinum market may shift from surplus to balance or deficit.

Companies/Assets Involved

  • Sprott Physical Platinum and Palladium Trust (SPPP): An investment product in the report series, with the author supporting a bullish stance by analyzing platinum fundamentals.
  • Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicle Manufacturers: Not specifically named, but mentioned as beneficiaries of growing FCEV demand.
  • Automotive Catalyst Manufacturers: May adjust procurement strategies in response to the platinum-palladium switch.

Investment Implications

  • Long Platinum: Platinum prices are currently at historical lows, while the two major demand drivers—hydrogen fuel cell vehicles and catalyst switching—have not yet been fully priced in by the market.
  • Beware of Palladium Risks: Palladium prices are at historical highs, and supply shortages may push them even higher. However, high prices themselves will accelerate demand migration to platinum, creating a negative feedback loop.
  • Monitor Platinum-Palladium Spread: If palladium remains consistently above platinum, the economic incentive for automakers to switch catalyst formulations will strengthen significantly, potentially triggering explosive growth in platinum demand.